Recognizing bad reasoning is only half the work.
The harder part is learning how to think clearly when the answer isn’t obvious, emotions are involved, or the evidence is incomplete.
This section collects practical thinking tools that help slow down reasoning, clarify assumptions, and evaluate claims without turning every disagreement into a contest. These are not tricks for winning arguments. They are habits and questions designed to make reasoning more careful, more honest, and more flexible.
You’ll find tools for:
- Distinguishing evidence from explanation
- Testing conclusions without defending them
- Asking questions that illuminate rather than escalate
- Noticing when certainty arrives before justification
Thinking Tools exist alongside logical fallacies for a reason. Where fallacies show how reasoning fails, these tools show how it can improve — especially in situations where the correct response is uncertainty rather than confidence.